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　 新课改下英语音标教学不容忽视

　摘要：英语国际音标是英语入门学习的关键，掌握了音标的读音和拼读规则，不仅可以帮助学生解决单词的发音和朗读理由，更可以给学生记忆单词提供一把金钥匙，使学生树立起学习英语的信心。

　所以，新课改下英语音标教学不容忽视。

　关键词：英语音标;拼读;单词记忆;终身学习

　偶然，笔者翻学生的英语课本时，发现诸如此类的注释比比皆是：twelve注为?脱衣舞?;girl注为?狗?;thank you very much则是?三块钱一碗麻食?，如此的解释令人啼笑皆非。

　作为一名英语教育工作者，笔者的心情也变得沉重起来。

　在我们辛苦的备课、精确的领读、详尽的解释之后，却将英语推进了这种尴尬的局面。

　这时，我们才发现在英语教学中的国际音标教学是何等的重要和必要。

　英语单词往往是许多学生英语学习中的?拦路虎?，不少学生开始学英语时就失去了兴趣。

　而英语国际音标是英语入门学习的关键，掌握了音标及其拼读，不管是学过的还是没学过的单词，学生都能够脱口而出。

　教师帮助学生解决发音，学生自己解决朗读理由，既避开形成发音的坏习惯，学生记忆单词既省时又高效，学生对英语学习产生了兴趣，就乐于开口说英语了，还学生学习英语的自信心。

　现在笔者谈谈自己在音标教学中的一些做法：

　一、关注音标的发音描述，注重英汉音素的比较

　教师在音标教学中，经常关注学生怎样发音，教的是技巧，关注音素的发音描述。

　然而如果学生被示以该音标素与母语音标素在发音的相似和区别之处，加之教师对音素知识进行详细解说，学生对音素知识的认识就会豁然开朗。

　例如对于学生难以区别的[?]、[s]两个音素，笔者是这样对学生进行发音描述的：舌尖轻触齿背，形成微小缝隙，气流由缝隙逸出形成辅音[?];舌端及舌关靠近上齿龈，但不接触，上下齿靠拢，但不要咬住，气流由舌端上之间逸出，形成清辅音[s]，通过笔者的描述和训练，学生很快掌握了它们的区别，同时在英语单词的朗读中起到了事半功倍的效果。

　双元音是音标学习中的重点也是难点，注意英汉音素的比较是学习双元音的策略之一。

　如在学习[ei]这个音素时，笔者告诉学生：和母语中ei形同音不同，它由两个元音组成，发音时由第一个元音[e]向第二个元音[i]的部位滑动，但不完全达到第二个元音[i]的部位，比汉语拼音中的ei读得长，笔者又对学生解释说，我们中国学生的'发音理由是长元音[u：][a：][?藜：]等发音不够长，短元音则发音时间不够短，而[?蘅] [?蘧]等则是口张得不够大。

　在爆破音[b][d]后往往加[?藜]，笔者正是基于对英语音素和汉语音素相同和相异之处的对比讲解，预见学生在学习英语音标时的难点和重点，从而在教学中采取对英语音素进行发音描述和化英汉比较的策略，对学生的错误防微杜渐，在学生标准的读音声中， 笔者知道他们收获的不仅仅是一个个微小的发音。

　二、采取元音和辅音相结合的分单元式的音标教学思路

　在教学实践中，笔者常常发现有些教师利用很短的时间进行音标教学，教师贪多求快，学生则生吞活剥，实难消化，有的则是把辅音和元音割裂开来，孤立地教学，几乎没有什么收效。

　笔者在教学中采取分单元式的音和辅音有机结合的音标教学思路，按音标的类别和难易适度每单元编排一定数量的元音和辅音。

　如第一单元笔者把前元音[i：]同辅音[p]、[t]、[d]、[k]、[f]、[v]、[s]、[z]作为教学的内容，这就像让一个小孩来背50斤的大米，如果让他们一次背，既不可能又不现实，还会挫伤孩子劳动的积极性，如果我们换个策略，把大米分成五等份，孩子分五次就能够轻松完成原有任务。

　笔者采取的这种元辅音有机结合的单元式教学策略，减少了每堂课的容量，又分散了教学难点，增强了学生的兴趣，而且为拼读练习提供了方便和条件。

　笔者也深深体会到：教育只有遵守孩子认识过程发展的规律才能产生质的飞跃。

　三、通过大量拼读实践，培养学生正确使用拼读国际音标的能力

　外语教学的心理学指出：拼音是一种复杂的感知和运动过程，其效率高低取决于从感觉刺激到作出反应的快慢，在拼读过程中，教师要确保课堂三分之二的时间练习拼读，力戒空谈发音知识，只有通过循序渐进，灵活多样的实践练习，才能促使拼读能力的形成。

　因此，笔者在实践中特别设计了这样一个兼顾策略和层梯性的练习模式：拼读音素合成拼音直呼拼音跳跃拼音二次合成拼读音标词根据音标读单词辨音练习单词重读与非重读练习，现就第一单元第二课时教学程序略作叙述：

　第二课时内容：

　1. 朗读元音[i]和辅音[p]、[t]、[d]、[k]、[f]、[v]、[s]、[z]

　2. 合成拼音：把10个辅音分别按顺序同元音拼/p...i ...pi/、 /b...i...bi/

　3. 直呼拼音：把10个辅音同按顺序直接拼读起来/pi/、/bi/、/ti/、.../vi/

　4. 跳跃拼音：按教师指令不按顺序直接拼读起来/vi//ti/

　5. 二次合成拼读音标词/pis/、/bit/、/tim/、/kip/

　6. 根据音标读单词/tip/、/kis/、/siks/、/gift/

　7. 辨音训练：把10个辅音对照地和元音相拼区别/i/ / it/ /sit/ /fit/ /hit/ /i：/ / i：t/ /si：t/ /fi：t/ / bi：t/

　四、通过音标学习，掌握单词的拼读规律，便于牢固地记忆单词

　字母不能很好地体现英语单词?音形体?的特点，只有引入?字组?这一概念才能使单词的?音?与?形?统一起来。

　如chick一词，如果把chick拆分开来看c-h-i-c-k，我们并不知道每个字母发什么音，只有把ch、i、ck看成字组，以字组为单位来看待这个词，才能看出词形与读音之间的对应关系，ch-i-ck分别对应[t ]、[i]和[k]音。

　三个字组对应三个音素的记忆方式，比排列组合式地记忆五个字母要容易得多。

　英语是一种拼音文字，不认真总结单词里每个字组的读音规律，不是把单词的拼写形式与其读音联系在一起，不是在单词的拼写形式和读音之间建立一种对应关系。

　那么，记忆单词就要从三个方面来记忆：记词形、记词音、记词义。

　掌握一定的拼读规律，可以把三个方面记忆变为两个方面。

　把英语单词的拼写和读音做为一个整体来掌握，见到一个单词就可以根据其拼写形式读其音;反过来，听到一个单词的发音，就能够根据其读音拼写出这个单词。

　这样把拼写和拼读当成一个整体来对待。

　记住了词形，也就记住了词音，记住了词音也就等于记住了这个词的拼写形式。

　将记忆单词的三个方面(记词形、记词音、记词义)简化为?一一对应?式的记词策略。

　所谓?一一对应?就是将?读音?和?拼写?看作一个整体，即?音形一体?，只要记住这个?音形一体?所对应的词义就行了。

　将?记词形、记词音、记词义?简化为?记音形、记词义?。

　使单词记忆更加牢固。

　此外，在综合练习中还可采用单词重音词句甚至到段这样一种练习策略，在练习的设计中，笔者常常安排一些绕口令、笑话、谜语等内容来提高学生的学习兴趣和热情，使学生的学习变得饶有趣味。

　总之，学习系统的英语音标是符合学生认知结构需要的。

　语音的学习，特别是音标的学习是整个学习过程中最基本的也是最关键的，为学生的终身学习打下坚实的基础。

　作为教师，我们应该?授之以渔?，而不是?授之以鱼?。

　笔者相信也只有这样，才不会再有?twelve?变成?脱衣舞?、?女孩?变成?狗?的笑话出现。

48个英语音标，把它们都写出来，能够看清楚的，不要太复杂

爆破音p b t d k g

双唇音p,b

Peter Piper picked a peck(配克,量词) of pickle(泡菜)prepared by his parents and put them in a big paper plate.

Bill's big brother is building a beautiful building between two big brick blocks.

齿龈音t,d

Too many teenagers tend to waste their time watching television.

Dick's daughter Dianna doesn't like dancing.

软腭音k,g

Good cookies could be cooked by a good cook, if a good cook could cook good cookies.

A big black bug bit a big black dog on his big black nose!

四个前元音i:,i,e,?(不会打音标,用字母代替,替不了只好用?)

Do you see the green leaves of each tree in the field?

A little pill may well cure a great ill.

Ann sent Andy ten hens and Andy sent Ann ten pens.

A fat man sat on a black cat and the black cat was squashed flat, for the man was mad.

摩擦音

Five frantic frogs fled from fifty fiece fishes.

Elizabeth's birthday is on the third Thursday of this month.

Sandy sniffed sweet smelling sunflower seeds while sitting beside a swift stream.

She sells sea shells on the seashore. The seashells she sells are seashells she is sure.

An English fisherman wishes to get a foolish fish for a cold dish.

The ruddy widow really wants ripe watermelon and red roses when winter arrives.

Harris rarely reads literary reviews.

鼻辅音

Brahms is the name of a 19th centry German composer.

You know I know that you know. I know that you know that I know.

The spring brings many charming things.

半元音

What,why,when and where are the words we require quite often when we want to ask a question.

破擦音

The chief charge against John is that he cheated the judge.

Jenny and Jimmy went to Jamaica and Germany in January, but Joan and John went to Jordan and Japan in June and July.

Trudy's dream has come true at last.

How many dew would a dewdrop drop if a dewdrop could drop dew?

The sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick.

后元音

A large army marched past the farmyard.

When a doctor doctors another doctor, does he doctor the doctored doctor the way the dotored doctor wants to be doctored or does he doctor the doctored doctor the way the doctoring doctor wants to doctor the doctor?

呵呵，这段好绕口，语法现象出现不少哦。

Tom's got a lot of dots on his pocket. If he wants to wash off the dots, he will use a pot of hot water.

How many wood would a wood chuck chuck if a wood chuck could chuck wood? He'd chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck wood.

中元音

To run and play under the sun is fun. When your work is done, come out in the sun and have some fun.

The nurses in skirts washed thirty dirty shirts.

合口双元音/ei/等

No pains, no gains.

Haste makes waste.

I don't know why Joan showed a yellow coat to the goat in the snow.

Strike while the iron is hot.

A spoiled boy destroyed a toy for joy.

集中双元音

The man with fair hair dare not repair their chair there becaust there is a bear there.

The tourist toured the moor in February.

Robert Rolly rolled a round roll around the road.(是练美音的卷舌）

Can you can a can as a canner cans a can?

No,I can't can a can as a canner cans a can.

There is no need to light a night light at a light night like tonight.(这是“L“”N“两个音）

初中英语国际标准音标练习

元音 (20个) 单元音12个 前 元 音(4个) [i:] [i] [e] [?]

后 元 音(5个) [ɑ:] [?:] [?] [u:] [u]

中 元 音(3个) [?] [?:] [?]

双元音8个 合口双元音(5个) [ei] [?u] [ai] [au] [?i]

集中双元音(3个) [i?] [u?] [?]

辅音 (28个) 清 辅 音(11个) [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [?] [t?] [tr] [ts] [h]

浊 辅 音(17个) [b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [?] [?] [d?] [dr] [dz] [l]

[m] [n] [?] [j] [w] [r]

/i:/ bee/bi:/ feet/fi:t/ keep/ki:p/ key/ki:/ team/ti:m/ meet/mi:t/

/i/ it /it/ big/big/ city/siti/ give/giv/ sick/sik/

/e/ get/get/ best/best/ text/tekst/ help/help/

/?/ fat/f?t/ have/h?v/ cat/k?t/ back/b?k/ hat/h?t/

/a:/ laugh/la:f/ glass/gla:s/ half/ha:f/ farm/fa:m/ park/pa:k/

/ ?:/ horse/h?: s/ saw/s?:/ corn/k?:n/ course/k?:s/ salt/s?:t/

/ ? / dog/d?g/ pot/p?t/ cost/k?st/ what/w?t/ honest/′?nist/

/u:/ food/fu:d/ moon/mu:n/ rule/ru:l/ loose/lu:s/ noon/nu:n/

/u/ book/buk/ put/put/ good/gud/ would/wud/ could/kud/

/ ? / must/m?st/ does/d?z/ money/′m?ni/ ugly/′?gli/ come/k?m/

/?:/ nurse/n?:s/ bird/b?:d/ burn/b?:n/ turn/t?:n/ girl/g?:l/

/? / better/bet?/ never/nev?/ worker/w?:k?/ welcome/welk?m/

/ei/ may/mei/ name/neim/ game/geim/ eight/eit/ age/eid?/

/?u/ no/n?u/ home/h?um/ hope/h?up/ wrote/r?ut/ note/n?ut/ pose/p?uz/

/ai/ eye/ai/ time/taim/ buy/bai/ right/rait/ bike/baik/ kite/kait/

/au/ now/nau/ out/aut/ how/hau/ about/ ?′baut/ south/sauθ/ house/haus/

/?i/ boy/b?i/ toy/t?i/ noise/n?iz/ voice/v?is/ point/p?int/ coin/k?in/

/i?/ ear/i?/ near/ni?/ idea/ai′di?/ hear/hi?/ mere/mi?/ spear/spi?/

/ε?/ air/ε?/ tear/tε?/ care/kε?/ dare/dε?/ fair/fε?/ there/?ε?/

/u?/ tour/tu?/ poor/pu?/ sure/?u?/ moor/mu?/(停泊) your/ju?/

/p/ pea/pi:/ pie/pai/ top/t?p/ cap/k?p/ people/pi:pl/ pride/praid/

/b/ bee/bi:/ by/bai/ buy/bai/ black/bl?k/ bear/bε?/

/t/ let/let/ sat/s?t/ feet/fi:t/ team/ti:m/ tide/taid/

/d/ led/led/ sad/s?d/ feed/fi:d/ do/du:/ dear/di?/

/k/ lack/l?k/ take/teik/ clock/kl?k/ class/kla:s/ weekend/′wi:kend/

/g/ big/big/ lag/l?g/ glass/gla:s/ gum/g?m/ good/gud/ guest/gest/

/f/ face/feis/ fast/fa:st/ leaf/li:f/ surf/s?:f/ favorite/′feiv?rit/

/v/ very/′veri/ five/faiv/ fever/′fi:v?/ serve/s?:v/ never/′nev?/

/θ/ bath/ba:θ/(v洗澡) thick/θik/ mouth/mauθ/ breath/breθ/(n呼吸)

thought/θ?:t/ author/?θ?/ truth/tru:θ/

/?/ the/ ?/ they/?ei/ that/?t/ mother/′m/ thus/ ?s/ then/?en/

/s/ face/feis/ mouse/maus/ cakes/keiks/ caps/k?ps/ likes/laiks/ stops/st?ps/

/z/ close/kl?uz/ keys/ki:z/ boys/b?iz/ pens/penz/ halves/ha:vz/

/t?/ catch/k?t?/ cheep/t?i:p/ rich/rit?/ watch/wt?/ child/t?aild/ question/kwest?n/ teach/ti:t?/ challenge/t?lind?/

/d?/ orange/′?rid?/ large/la:d?/ juice/d?u:s/ job/d?b/

/tr/ tree/tri:/ try/trai/ true/tru:/ trouble/traubl/ track/tr?k/

/dr/ dry/drai/ dream/dri:m/ dress/dres/ drink/dri?k/ hundred/′h?ndrid/

/?/ she/?i:/ sharp/?a:p/ fish/fi?/ shock/?k/ shoe/?u:/

/?/ pleasure/′ple?/ measure/′me?/ television/′telivi?n/

/ts/ let′s/lets/ sports/sp?:ts/ puts/puts/ writes/raits/ seats/si:ts/

/dz/ hands/h?ndz/ birds/b?:dz/ friends/freindz/ beds/bedz/ stands/st?ndz/

/h/ he/ hi:/ hard/ha:d/ him/him/ heard/h?:d/ half/ha:f/

/l/ like/laik/ late/leit/ learn/l?:n/ lead/li:d/ light/lait/

/m/ my/mai/ more/m?:/ seem/si:m/ meat/mi:t/ mind/maind/ men/men/

/n/ nice/nais/ wind/waind/ mind/maind/ rain/rein/ fine/fain/

/?/ sing/si?/ wing/wi?/ ring/ri?/ long/l?/ beautiful/bju:t?fl/

/j/ you/ju:/ few/fju:/ yard/ja:d/ music/′mju:zik/ student/′stju:dnt/ excuse/ik′skju:z/

/w/ work/w?:k/ way/wei/ well/wel/ what/w?t/ twelve/twelv/ twin/twin/

/r/ red/red/ road/r?ud/ write/rait/ wrong/r?/ problem/′pr?bl?m/

音标综合练习

1./i:/ /i/ /e/ /?/

/bit/ /wi:k/ /di:l/ /ri?l/ /kid/ /dig/ /kwik/ /tip/ /zip/ /rid/ /wil/ /fil/

bit week deal real kid dig quick tip zip rid will fill

/pet/ /p?k/ /g?p/ /k?g/ /n?g/ /r?m/ /b?tl/ /sed/ /′h?pi/ /ten/ /red/

pet pack gap cap nag ram battle said happy ten red

/′setl/ /tr?/ /di′pend/

settle trash depend

2./a:/ / ?:/ / ? / /u:/ /u/

/a:sk/ /ma:sk/ /pa:st/ /fra:ns/ /?d/ /l?:n/ /n?:t/ /p?:z/ /f?ks/ /s?k/

ask mask past France odd lawn naught pause fox sock

/fa:/ /la:d? / /ma:k/ /l?:d/ /t?:/ /st?:m/ /p?t/ /kr?p/ /θ?t/ /pr?mis/

far large mark Lord torch storm pot crop thought promise

/huk/ /lu:s/ /sut/ /tuk/ /mud/ /θru:/ /pul/ /wud/

hook loose soot took mood through pull wood

3./?/ /?/ /?/

/b?z/ /d?l/ /′h?ri/ /g?lf/ /′tr?bl/ /?:n/ /s?:f/ /′t?:n?/ /′beg?/ /t?k/

buss dull hurry gulf trouble earn surf turner begger tuck

/k?:b/ /?:k/ /?′merik / /′s?k?/ /′k?mp?/ /s?′vei/ /p?′veid/ /p?′h?ps/

curb irk America soccer camper survey pervade perhaps

/b?:′lesk/ /′m?:d?/

burlesque murder

3./ei/ /?u/ /ai/ /au/ /?i/

/keip/ /greit/ /mein/ /pr?p?uz/ /′m?u?n/ /st?un/ /′?uv?/ /sait/

kape great main propose motion stone over sight

/raim/ /daut/ /′taipist/ /aust/ /m?ist/ /′?ist?/

rhyme doubt typist oust moist oyster

4./i?/ /?/ /u?/

/vi?/ /?′f?/ /d?/ /sk?/ /bu?n/ /gu?d/ /′ru?r?l/ /?′pi?/ /k?l?mbi?/

veer affair dare scare bourn gourd rural appear Colombia

/m?ti?ri?l/ /misti?ri?s/

material mysterious

5./θ/ /?/

/m?nθ/ /θi:f/ /?t/ /?n/ /feiθ/ /t?′ge?/ /θ?k/ /?m′selvz/

month thief that than faith together thank themselves

The sun Tongue Twister(绕口令)

(1)There are thirty-three trees there. (θ, ?)

(2)A big black bug bit the back of the big black bear. The big black bear beat back the big black bug. (/b/)

(3)She sells seashells on the seashore,and the shells she sells are seashells. I′m sure because if she sells shells at the seashore,the shells she sells are seashells for sure.

(/ θ/,/s/,/z/,/?/)

(4)There is a kitten in the kitchen.In the kitchen,I fly the chicken.A fly flies into the kitchen while I′m frying the chicken.( /t?/)

(5)You are no need to light a night light on a light night like tonight.For a night,light′s a slight light and tonight′s a night that′s light.When a night′s light like tonight′s light,it′s really not quit right to light night lights with their slight light′s on the light night like tonight.(/n/--/l/)

(6)The sun shines on the small shop signs.(/s/--/?/)

(7)Why didn′t you do that what I told you to do? (/ /--/ /)

(8)The doctor′s daughter knocked at the locked door.

(9)Mike likes to write by the nice bright light at night.

(10)Is this pair of scissors of his sister′s? Yes,this is the pair of scissors of his sister′s . (/s/--/z/)

(11)Pete picked up a piece of paper and put it into the paper basket. (/p/)

(12)William wants to know whether the weather will be wetter tomorrow. (/w/)

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